One of the most profound thinkers of modern history, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) was a central figure of the European Enlightenment. He was also its most formidable critic, condemning the political, economic, theological, and sexual trappings of civilization along lines that would excite the enthusiasm of romantic individualists and radical revolutionaries alike. In this study of Rousseau's life and works Robert Wokler shows how his philosophy of history, his theories of music and politics, his fiction, educational and religious writings, and even his botany, were all inspired by visionary ideals of mankind's self-realization in a condition of unfettered freedom. He explains how, in regressing to classical republicanism, ancient mythology, direct communion with God, and solitude, Rousseau anticipated some post-modernist rejections of the Enlightenment as well.
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罗伯特•沃克勒 英国埃克塞特大学高级研究员,历史学家、政治理论家,18世纪欧洲启蒙运动和卢梭的杰出研究者。著有《卢梭论社会、政治、音乐和语言》(1987)、《卢梭与18世纪》(1992)、《狄德罗的政治著作》(1992)、《发明人类科学》(1995)、《启蒙与现代性》(2000)等。
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重新排列卢梭在《论科学与艺术》中描述的恶习宗谱,他现在提出,在我们腐败的可怕秩序中,最需要关注的是不平等,其次是财富,而财富让奢侈和懒惰的增长成为可能。奢侈和懒惰一方面促进了艺术的发展,另一方面,又促进了科学的发展。
他提出,虽然文化进步导致我们产生了一大堆恶习,但在文明社会中,从根本上让我们道德沦陷的是我们渴望通过知识而变得出类拔萃,而并非想获得有学问的人的成就。他声称,我们对文化的追求高于一切,表现了我们要跟同胞区别开的决心。
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