计算机组成与设计

ContentsPrefaceCHAPTERS1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Below Your Program 1.3 Under the Covers 1.4 Performance 1.5 The Power Wall 1.6 The Sea Change: The Switch from Uniprocessors to Multiprocessors 1.7 Real Stuff: Manufacturing and Benchmarking the AMD Opteron X4 1.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls 1.9 Concluding Remarks 1.10 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 1.11 Exercises2 Instructions: Language of the Computer 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Operations of the Computer Hardware 2.3 Operands of the Computer Hardware 2.4 Signed and Unsigned Numbers 2.5 Representing Instructions in the Computer 2.6 Logical Operations 2.7 Instructions for Making Decisions 2.8 Supporting Procedures in Computer Hardware 2.9 Communicating with People 2.10 ARM Addressing for 32-Bit Immediates and More Complex Addressing Modes 2.11 Parallelism and Instructions: Synchronization 2.12 Translating and Starting a Program 2.13 A C Sort Example to Put It All Together : This icon identi.es material on the 2.14 Arrays versus Pointers 2.15 Advanced Material: Compiling C and Interpreting Java 2.16 Real Stuff: MIPS Instructions 2.17 Real Stuff: x86 Instructions 2.18 Fallacies and Pitfalls 2.19 Concluding Remarks 2.20 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 2.21 Exercises3 Arithmetic for Computers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Addition and Subtraction 3.3 Multiplication 3.4 Division 3.5 Floating Point 3.6 Parallelism and Computer Arithmetic: Associativity 3.7 Real Stuff: Floating Point in the x86 3.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls 3.9 Concluding Remarks 3.10 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 3.11 Exercises4 The Processor 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Logic Design Conventions 4.3 Building a Datapath 4.4 A Simple Implementation Scheme 4.5 An Overview of Pipelining 4.6 Pipelined Datapath and Control 4.7 Data Hazards: Forwarding versus Stalling 4.8 Control Hazards 4.9 Exceptions 4.10 Parallelism and Advanced Instruction-Level Parallelism 4.11 Real Stuff: the AMD Opteron X4 (Barcelona) Pipeline 4.12 Advanced Topic: an Introduction to Digital Design Using a Hardware Design Language to Describe and Model a Pipeline and More Pipelining Illustrations 4.13 Fallacies and Pitfalls 4.14 Concluding Remarks 4.15 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 4.16 Exercises5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Basics of Caches 5.3 Measuring and Improving Cache Performance 5.4 Virtual Memory 5.5 A Common Framework for Memory Hierarchies 5.6 Virtual Machines 5.7 Using a Finite-State Machine to Control a Simple Cache 5.8 Parallelism and Memory Hierarchies: Cache Coherence 5.9 Advanced Material: Implementing Cache Controllers 5.10 Real Stuff: the AMD Opteron X4 (Barcelona) and Intel Nehalem Memory Hierarchies 5.11 Fallacies and Pitfalls 5.12 Concluding Remarks 5.13 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 5.14 Exercises6 Storage and Other I/O Topics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Dependability, Reliability, and Availability 6.3 Disk Storage 6.4 Flash Storage 6.5 Connecting Processors, Memory, and I/O Devices 6.6 Interfacing I/O Devices to the Processor, Memory, and Operating System 6.7 I/O Performance Measures: Examples from Disk and File Systems 6.8 Designing an I/O System 6.9 Parallelism and I/O: Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks 6.10 Real Stuff: Sun Fire x4150 Server 6.11 Advanced Topics: Networks 6.12 Fallacies and Pitfalls 6.13 Concluding Remarks 6.14 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 6.15 Exercises Multicores, Multiprocessors, and Clusters 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Dif.culty of Creating Parallel Processing Programs 7.3 Shared Memory Multiprocessors 7.4 Clusters and Other Message-Passing Multiprocessors 7.5 Hardware Multithreading 7.6 SISD, MIMD, SIMD, SPMD, and Vector 7.7 Introduction to Graphics Processing Units 7.8 Introduction to Multiprocessor Network Topologies 7.9 Multiprocessor Benchmarks 7.10 Roo.ine: A Simple Performance Model 7.11 Real Stuff: Benchmarking Four Multicores Using the Roo. ine Model 7.12 Fallacies and Pitfalls 7.13 Concluding Remarks 7.14 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 7.15 ExercisesIndex I-1

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